Fluorescent dyes are defined as compounds which both absorb and emit strongly in the visible region, and which owe their potential for application to their intense fluorescence properties.

Immunohistochemistry (IHC) combines anatomical, immunological and biochemical techniques to image discrete components in tissues by using appropriately-labeled antibodies to bind specifically to their target antigens in situ. IHC makes it possible to visualize and document the high-resolution distribution and localization of specific cellular components within cells and within their proper histological context. While there are multiple approaches and permutations in IHC methodology, all of the steps involved are separated into two groups: sample preparation and sample staining.

Bioconjugates are conceptualized as multifunctional fabricates consisting of isolated and/or synthesized macromolecular biological entities as proteins, vitamins, and nucleic acids.

Nucleic acid chemistry explores the structure, function, and interactions of DNA and RNA molecules, fundamental to the understanding of genetic information. It encompasses the study of base pairing, DNA replication, transcription, translation, and the intricate cellular processes that govern life's genetic code. Investigating nucleic acids is pivotal for advancements in genetics, molecular biology, and medical research.

Cell analysis is a multidisciplinary field focusing on the examination and understanding of cellular structure, function, and behavior. Utilizing advanced microscopy, molecular techniques, and bioinformatics, researchers delve into cellular processes such as division, signaling, and metabolism. Cell analysis plays a pivotal role in unraveling the complexities of diseases, drug development, and regenerative medicine, contributing essential insights to biology and healthcare.

Proteomics is a comprehensive study of an organism's entire protein complement, shedding light on their structures, functions, and interactions. This field's insights contribute significantly to unraveling complex biological processes, informing medical research, and driving advancements in diagnostics and therapeutic development.